Design of Handshake Mode

Design of Handshake Mode Design Of Handshake Mode 8255A Using 8086 Introduction: 8255 is a widely used general purpose programmable devices, can be compatible with any microprocessor. The 8255 includes three programmable ports, one of which can be used for bidirectional data transfer. This is an important additional feature in comparison with the 8155 I/O ports. The 8255 has 24 I/0 pins that can be grouped primarily in two 8 bit parallel ports. A B, with the remaining eight bits as port c. the eight ports of port c can be used as individual bits or be grouped in two 4-bit ports. The figure shows all the functions of 8255, classified according to two modes: the BSR mode and I/P mode. The BSR mode is used to set or reset the bits in port c. the I/O mode is further divided into three modes : mode 0, mode 1 and mode 2. In mode 0, all the ports function as simple I/O ports. Mode 1, is a handshake mode where by ports A and/or B use bits from port C as handshake signals. In the handshake mode, two types of I/P data can be transferred implemented: status check and inter rupt. In mode 2, port A can be set up for bidirectional data transfer using handshake signals from port C, and port B can be used to set up either in mode 0 or mode 1. Programmable Parallel Ports And Handshake Input/Output: We use port devices to input data and output data to the microprocessor. Most of the available port devices such as 8255A on the sdk-86 board, contain two or three ports which can be programmed to operate in one of the several different modes. The different modes allow us to see for many common types of parallel data transfer. Various methods of parallel input data transfer are Simple Input/Output: When we need to get the digital data from a simple switch such as thermostat into a microprocessor all we do is that we connect the switch to an input port line and read it anytime. Similarly when we need to output the data to a simple output device such as an LED, all we do is to connect the led buffer on an output port pin and output the logic level required to turn on the light. The led is always there and ready, so you can send data to it at any time. Simple Strobe I/O: In many applications, valid data is present on an external device only at a certain time, so it must be read in at that time. An example of this is the ascii-encoded keyboard. When key is pressed. Circuitry on the key board sends out the ascii code for the pressed key on eight parallel data lines, and then sends out a strobe signal on another line to indicate the valid data is present on the eight data lines. As shown in fig-4.9 we can connect this strobe line to an input port line and poll it to determine when we can put valid data from the keyboard. Another alternative is to connect the strobe line to an interrupt input of the processor and have an interrupt service procedure read in the data when the processor receives an interrupt. The point here is that this transfer is time dependent. We can read the data only when a strobe pulse tells us that the data is valid. Fig 9 1b shows the timing waveforms which represent this type of operation. The sending device such as a keyboard, outputs parallel data on the data lines, and then outputs at the stb signal to let us know that the valid data is present. For low rates of data transfer such as from a keyboard to a microprocessor, a simple strobe transfer works well. However for higher data transfer speed this method does not work because there is no signal which tells the sending device when it is safe to send the next data byte. In other words, he sending system might send data bytes faster than the receiving system could read them. To prevent this problem a handshake data transfer scheme is used. Single-Handshake I/O: figure 9-2 shows the circuit connections and figure 91-c shows some example timing waveforms for a handshake data transfer from a peripheral device to a microprocessor. The peripheral outputs some parallel data and sends stb signal on a polled or interrupt basis and reads in the byte of data. Then the microprocessor sends a acknowledgement signal to the peripheral to indicate that the data has been read and the peripheral can send the next byte of data from the view point of the microprocessor this operation is referred to as handshake or strobe input. These same wave forms might represent a handshake output from a microprocessor to parallel printer. In this case the microprocessor outputs a character to the printer and asserts an stb signal to the printer to tell the printer , â€Å" here is a character for you.† When the printer is ready it answers back with ack signal to tell the microprocessor, â€Å" I got that one† send me another. The point of this handshake sche me is that the sending device or system is designed so that it does not send the next data byte until the receiving device or system indicates with an ack signal that it is ready to receive the next byte. Double-Handshake Data Transfer: For data transfers where even more coordination is required between the sending system and the receiving system a double handshake is used the sending device asserts its stb line low to ask â€Å" are you ready†? the receiving system raises its ack line high to say I m ready. The peripheral device then sends the byte of data and raises its stb line high to say I have the data thank you. And I wait your next request to send the next byte of data. For handshake output of this type from a microprocessor to a peripheral the waveforms are the same but the microprocessor sends the stb signal and the data the peripheral sends the ack signal. In the accompanying laboratory manual it is shown hoe to interface with a speech-synthesizer device using this type of handshake system. Implementing Handshake Data Transfer: For handshake data transfer a microprocessor can determine when it is time to send the next data byte on a polled or interrupt basis. The interrupt approach is usually used because it makes better use of the processors time. The stb or ack signal for these handshake transfers can be produced on a port pin by instructions in the program. However this method usually uses too much processor time, do parallel port devices such as the 8255A have been designed to automatically manage the handshake operation. The 8255A for example can be programmed to automatically receive an stb signal from a peripheral, send an interrupt signal to the processor and send the ack signal to the peripheral at the proper times. 8255A Internal Block Diagram And System Connections: The diagram shows the internal structure of the 8255A. form the diagram it is observed that there are 24 input output lines. Port A can be used as an 8 bit input port or as an output port. Like port B can be used as an 8 bit input port or as an 8 bit output port. Port C can b used as an 8 bit input output port or as 4 bit port or to produce handshake signals for ports a nd b. the signal lines used to connect to the device to the system busses. 8 data lines allow us to write data bytes to a port or the control register and to read bytes from the port or the status register under the control of the rd wr lines. The address inputs A0 and A1 allow us to selectively access one of the three ports or the control register. The internal addresses for the device are port A 00, port B, 01; port C;10; control, 11. Asserting the cs input of the 8255A enables it for reading or writing. The cs input will be connected to the output of the address decoder circuitry to select the device when it is addressed. The reset input of the 8255A is connected to the system reset line so that, when the system is reset all the port lines are initialized as input lines.this is done to prevent destruction of circuitry connected to port lines. If port lines are initialized as outputs after a power up or reset the port might try to output to the output of the device connected to the port. The possible argument between the two outputs might destroy one or both of them. Therefore all the programmable port devices initialize their port lines as inputs when reset. The given figure shows that how a 8255 can be connected to a 8086, here one 8255 is connected to the lower half of the 8086 data bus and the other is conneceted to the upper half of the 8086. This is done so that byte can be transferred by enabling one device, or a word can be transferred by enabiling both devices at the same time. According to truth table for the input output port address decoder the A40 8255A on the lower half of the data bus will be enabled for a base address of FFF8H, and the A35 8255A will be enabled for a base address of FFF9H. another point to notice is that system address line A1 is connected to the 8255A A0 inputs, and system address line A2 is connected to the 8255A A1 inputs. With these connections the system address for the three ports and the control register in the A 40 8255A will be FFF8H, FFFAH, FFFCH, FFFEH. Likewise the system address for three ports and the control register of the A 35 8255A are FFF9H, FFFBH, FFFDH, and FFFFH. 8255a Operational Modes And Initiallization: MODE 0: When we want to see the port for simple input or output without handshaking we initialize the port in mode 0. If both port A and port B are initialized in mode 0, then the two halves of port c can be used together as an additional 8-bit port or they can be used individually as two 4 bit ports. When used as outputs, the port c lines can be individually set or reset by sending a special control word to the control register address. The two halves of port C are independent so one half can be initialized as input and the other half as output. MODE 1: When we want to use port A or port B for handshake input or output operation. We initialize that the port in MODE 1. In this mode some of the pins in port C function as handshake lines. Pins PCO, PC1 and PC2 function as handshake lines for port B if it is initialized in MODE1. If port A is initialized as handshake mode input port then pins PC3,PC4,and PC5 function as handshake signals. Pins PC6 and PC7 are avalible for use as input lines and output lines. If port A is initialized as a handshake output port, then port c pins PC3,PC6,PC7 function as handshake signals. Port c pins PC4 and PC5 are available for use as input or output lines. Since the 8255 often used in mode 1. MODE 2: Only port a can be initialized in mode 2 port a can be used for bidirectional handshake data transfer. This means that data can be output or input on the same eight lines. The 8255A might be used in this mode to extend the system bus to slave microprocessor or to transfer data bytes to and from a floppy disk controller board. If port A is initialized in MODE 2 then PINS PC3 through PC7 are used as handshake lines in port A. the other three pins PC0 through PC2 can be used for input output if port B is in mode 0. The three pins will be used for port B handshake lines if port b is initialized in mode 1. Constructing And Sending 8255A Control Words: Figure 9-5 shows the formats for the two 8255A control words. Note that the msb of the control word tells the 8255A which control word your are sending it. We use the mode definition control word format to tell the device what modes we want the ports to operate in. we use the bit set /reset control word format . we want to set or reset the output on a pin of port c or when we want to enable the interrupt output signals for the handshake data transfers. Both control words are sent to the control register address of the 8255A. as usual, initializing a device such as this consists of working our way through the steps as described already. As an example for this device suppose that we want to initialize the 8255A in figure 7-8 as follows. Port B as mode 1 input Port A mode 0 output Port C upper as inputs Port C bit 3 as output The base address of the A40 8255A is FFF8H, and the control register address is FFFEH. The next step is to make up the control by figuring out what to put in each of the little boxes, one bit at a time. Figure 9-6a shows the control word which will program the 8255A as desired for this example. The figure alsi shows how we should document any control words to make for use in our programs using figure 9-5 a work our way through this word to make sure we see why each bit has the value it does. To send the control word we load the control word in AL with a MOV AL,10001110B instruction point DX at the port address with the MOV DX,0FFFEH instruction and send the control word to the 8255A control register with the out DX, AL instruction. An example of how to use the bit set/reset control word suppose that we want to output a 1 to (set) bit 3 of port c, which was initialized as an output with the mode set control word above. To set or reset a port c output pin, we use the bit set/reset control word shown in figure. Make bit d7 to 0 to identify this as a bit set/reset control word and put a 1 in bit d0 to specify that we want to set a bit of port c. bits d2 d3 and d1 are used to tell the 8255A which bit we want to act on. For this example we want to set bit 3 so we put 011 in these three bits. For simplicity and compatibility with future products make the other 3 bits of the control words 0. The result 00000111B is shown with proper documentation in the figure. To send this control word to the 8255A simply load it into AL with the MOV AL,00000111B instruction, point dx at the control register address with the MOV DX ,0FFFEH instruction if DX is not already pointing there, and send the control word with the OUT DX,AL instruction. 8255A Handshake- Interfacing To A Microcomputer- Controlled Lathe: All the machines in the machine shop of our computer controlled electronics factory operate under microcomputer. One example of these machines is a lathe which makes bolts for long rods of stainless steel. The cutting instructions of each type of bolt that we need to make are stored on  ¾ in wode teletype like metal tape. Each instruction is represented by a series of holes in the tape. A tape reader pulls the through an optical or mechanical sensor to detect the hole patterns and converts these to an 8 bit parallel code. The microcomputer reads the instruction codes for the tape reader on a handshake basis and sends the appropriate control instructions to the lathe. The microcomputer must also monitor various conditions around the lathe. It must, for example make sure the lathe has cutting lubricant oil, is not out of material to work on, and is not jammed up in some way. Machines that operate in this way are often referred to as computer numerical control or CNC machines. The figure given shows from how we might use an 8255A to interface a microcomputer to the tape reader and lathe. Our first task is to make up the control word which will initialize the 8255A In the correct modes for this application. To do this start by making a list showing how we want each port or group of pins to function. Then put in the control word bits that implement those pin functions. Port A needs to be initialized for handshake input ( mode 1 ) because instruction codes have to be read in from the tape reader on the handshake basis. Port B needs to be initialized for simple output (mode 0) no handshaking is needed here because this port is being used to output simple on or off control signals to the lathe. Port C , bits pc0 pc1 and pc2 are used for simple input of sensor signals for the lathe. Port C bits pc3 pc4 and pc5 function as the handshake signals for the data transfer from thr tape reader connected to port A. Port C bit pc6 is used for output of the stop/go signal to the tape reader. Port C bit pc7 is not used for this example. Figure 9-b shows the control word to initialize the 8255A for these pin functions. We send this word to the control register address of the 8255A.In order for the handshake input data transfer from the tape reader to work correctly , the interrupt request signal from bit pc3 has to be enabled. This is done by sending a bit set/reset control word for the appropriate bit of port c. fig 9-9 shows the port c bit that must be set to enable the interrupt output signal for each of the 8255A handshake modes. For example here port A is being used for handshake input, so according to figure 9-9 port C bit pc4 must be set to enable the interrupt output for this operation. The bit set/reset control word to do this is 00001001B. we send this bit set/reset control word to the control address of the 8255A. Handshake data transfer from the tape reader to the 8255A can be stopped by disabling the 8255A interrupt output on port C, pin c3. This is done by reseting bit pc4 with a bit set/reset control word of 00001000. As another example of 8255A interrupt output enabling suppose that we are using port B as handshake output port. According to figure 9-9 we need to set bit pc2 to enable the 8255A interrupt output signal. The bit set/reset control word to do this is 00000101. Now we see how the actual data transfer takes place in handshake mode for which the machine would operate. After initializing everything we would probably read port C, bits pc0 pc1 and pc2 to check if the lathe was ready to operate. For any 8255A mode we read port C by simplt going an input from the port C address. Then we output a start command to the tape reader on the bit pc6.this is done with a bit set/reset command. Assuming that we want to reset bit pc6 to start the tape reader, the bit set/reset control word for this is 00001100. When the tape reader receives the go command. It will start the handshake data transfer to the 8255A. The tape reader starts the process by sending out a byte of data by sending out a byte of data to port A on its eight data lines. The tape reader then asserts its stb line low to tell the 8255A that a new byte of data has been sent. In response the 8255A raises its input buffer full (IBF) signal on pc5 high to tell the tape reader that it is ready for the data. When the tape reader detects the IBF signal at a high level, it raises its stb signal high again. The rising edge of the stb signal has two effects on the 8255A. it first latches the data byte in the input latches of the 8255A. once the data is latched the tape reader can remove the data byte in preparation for sending the next data byte. This is shown by the dashed section on the right side of the data waveform in figure. The rising edge on the stb signal will cause the 8255A to output an interruot request signal in the microprocessor on bit pc3. The processors response to the interrupt request will be to go to an interrupt service procedure which reads in the byte of data latched in port A. when the RD signal from the microprocessor goes low for this read of port A, the 8255A will automatically reset its interrupt request signa on pc3. This is done so that a second interrupt cannot be caused by the sane data transfer, when the processor raises its RD signal high again at the end of the read operation, the 8255A automatically drops its IBF signal on pc5 low again. IBF going low again is the signal to the tape reader that the data transfer is complete and that it can be send the next byte of data. The time between when the 8255A sends the interrupt request signal and when the processor reads the data byte from port A depends on when the processor gets around to servicing that interrupt. The point here is that this time doesnt matter. The tape reader will not send the next byte until it detects the IBF signal has gone low again . The transfer cycle will then repeat for the next data byte. After the processor reads in the lathe control instruction byte from the tape reader, it will decode this instruction and output the appropriate control byte to the lathe on port B of the 8255A. the tape reader then sends the next instruction byte. If the instruction tape is made into a continuous loop, the lathe will keep making the specified parts until it runs out of material. The unused bit of port c , pc7 could be connected to a mechanism which loads In more material so the lathe can continue. Parallel Printer Interface—Handshake Output Example: This refers to the hardware connections and the software required to interface with a parallel printer in a system which does not have a BIOS procedure we can all to do the job. For most common printers such as IBM pc printers, the Epson dot matrix printers data to be printed is sent to the printers, and the Panasonic dot-matrix printers data printed is sent to the printer as ASCII characters on eight parallel lines. The printer receives the characters to be printed and stores them in an internal RAM buffer. When the printer detects a second carriage return, It prints out the second row of characters, etc. the process continues until all the desired characters have been printed. Transfer of the ASCII codes from a microcomputer to a printer must be done on a handshake basis because the microcomputer can send characters much faster than the printer can print them. The printer must in some way let the microcomputer know that its buffer is full and that it cannot accept any more characters until ir prints some out. A common standard for interfacing with parallel printers is the centronics parallel interface standard, named for the company that developed it. References: Microprocessors and interfacing programming and hardware second edition by Douglas V. Hall TATA McGRAW-hill edition. Microprocessor architecture, programming, and applications with the 8085 by Ramesh Gaonkar fifth edition, penram international publication Fundementals of microprocessor and microcomputers byB. Ram, Dhanpat Raipublication.

Self Directed Work Team

A Briefing on Self Directed Work Team ( SDWT ) by Group 5 Self Directed Work Team is a powerful construct since the ancient Roman host and today about 68 % of fortune 1000 companies implement SDWT construct including Ford, GM, P & A ; G, FedEx, etc. ( Lawler, Mohrman, & A ; Ledford,1995 ) . DefinitionVecchio ( 2003, p.107 ) defined Self Directed Work Teams ( SDWT ) as â€Å"a extremely trained group of six to eighteen employees that is to the full responsible for making a specific product† . And harmonizing to an article in Entrepreneur Connect ( Anon, 1995 ) â€Å"self -directed squads are little groups of employees who have duty for pull offing themselves and their work† . Success in today ‘s disputing competitory environment is based on employee authorization and squad work ( Boyett & A ; Boyett, 1998 ) . This could be closely related to Herzberg ‘s motivation factor which was later merely defined by Barbara ( n.d. ) as â€Å"what makes you work well† . Many companies are attracted to this invention because of the chance of flattening the organisational construction in these times when retrenchment, flattening and work procedure reengineering are so important ( Coates and Miller, 1995 ) . SDWT leads to increased organisational effectivity and employee satisfaction ( Forsyth, 1999 ) which in today ‘s concern is being the competitory advantage ( Ron Williams, n.d ) . Advantages of SDWTGeneral Motors, Proctor & A ; Gamble & A ; Xerox by implementing SDWT resulted in about 30-40 % betterment in productiveness ( Bruce, n.d. ) . In Kodak client aid Centre SDWT resulted in 100 % addition in net incomes ( Anon, n.d. ) .FedEx improved their service by cut downing the loss of bundles and wrong charge by 13 % . Rubbermaid increased gross revenues by 50 % above projectionsQuality betterment.Increased productiveness and reduced cost.Highly flexible.Simpler occupation categorization and each member know every procedure through occupation rotary motion which will cut down dependence one individual.Better invention and creativeness.Team members are motivated by occupation satisfaction, authorization, trust, feel of ownership & A ; personal growing which in bend benefit the company as a whole.SDWT is being a vehicle for conveying in the Total Quality Management construct in an organisation ( Vecchio,2006, p.112 ) Following statistics based on a reappraisal of organisation that transferred to SDWT ( John Cotter, n.d. ) good prove the positive impact. 93 % reported improve productiveness86 % reported reduced operating cost86 % reported improved quality70 % reported better employee attitudes Given the above advantages and success narratives there are effects and jobs in disputing the success of SDWT and even driving to the opposite way to failure. Consequences of SDWTElimination of supervisory place.The demand for displacement from keeping the determination doing power to deputation and leting liberty. In other words supervisor should move as a facilitator and supply counsel to teams particularly outside the squads ‘ countries of expertness. Supervisors should pull off communicating and supervise the effectivity. Leaderships promote squad work and corporation ( Brillhart, 1983 ) . The key in supervisory function is to actuate â€Å"Self-Direction† . In an interview with Sterling Health USA, employees frequently quoted that â€Å"Before, the group leader made all the determinations. You did n't cognize why the determinations were made†¦ now we do† ( Peter, 1999 ) . But is the squad leader ready to accept the passage from keeping the power to deputation? Is S/He ready to better the accomplishments to measure up as a facilitator?Requirement for heavy investing in preparation. Training needed for both supe rvisors and squad members in constructing assorted accomplishments. Cloke and Goldsmith ( 2002, pp 205-214 ) identified 10 accomplishments those are indispensable for members of the work squads to develop self direction, communicating, leading, duty, back uping diverseness, feedback and rating, strategic planning, determining successful meeting, deciding struggles and enjoyment. Williams ( n.d. ) mentioned â€Å"It is non uncommon for autonomous work squads to pass 20 % of their clip in ongoing training† . Organization willing to implement SDWT should hold a clear preparation scheme including cross preparation chance and resources. Top direction should plan the preparation policy and budget for it.Need for more flatter and flexible organisational construction.The determination doing authorization is transformed to the squad members to extinguish waste of clip trusting on blessings from directors. Autonomy, liberty, authorization are the cardinal participants in success of SDW T which is facilitated merely on level constructions. Duties assigned to workers in GM clearly indicate the demand for level construction. ( William,1999, p.11 )Duty for quality control.Duty for care and little fixs.Duty for safety.Duty for capital budgeting and operational budgeting.Duty for staffing.SDWT to get down executing takes long period.As per William ( 1999 ) SDWTs can non be created immediately ; it can take 2 to 5 old ages to to the full implement. Some companies might non hold the clip or resources to travel through this procedurePhases of organizing SDWT:Phase one: ( Start-Up ) Goal readying, account of intent, member choice and edifice trust ( 6-9months ) .Phase two: ( State of confusion ) Technical aid, feedback, implementing processs to back up self way, and preparation. ( 6-9months ) .Phase three: ( Leader – centered squad ) Promoting leading activity among team members. ( 6-12months ) .Phase four: ( Tightly formed squads ) Deciding struggles, start pull off ing on ain, pass oning resource demand and ends. ( 6-12months ) .Phase five: ( Self way ) Maintain ego assurance and ego regard of others. Strong partnership with internal and external clients.Consequently, if you look at the clip and preparation involved in SDWT ‘s it might non be suited for an environment with a high employee turnover.Need for greater leading development.As the organisation would no longer map in a traditional mode the leaders or directors need to construct their ability to let and promote such a high degree of authorization, which can be tackled with specially created plans ( Coates and Miller, 1995 ) .Problems of SDWTTeam members approached the impregnation point of larning through occupation rotary motion and would hold achieved the maximal degree of gaining i.e. works rate where no more room for psychological or fiscal encouragements ( Vecchio, 2006, p.113 ) . Again while speaking approximately wage as a incentive does it truly matter? Can honor and ackn owledgment be the incentive to guarantee go oning public presentation of the employees ( Vecchio, 2006, p.84 ) . Besides the public presentation measuring system should non make any competition within squad members which will cut down co-operation and impact the success of SDWT.Another major challenge is acquiring people to stay committed to the betterment of the procedures when they realize that they may be working themselves out of a occupation. The employees involved in autonomous work squads must hold a great trade of trust so that employees are non concerned about their occupation security ( Anon, 1995 ) .Conflict direction would be another critical and sensitive issue. Again each squad member has different personalities and perceptual experiences. Here comes the importance of needed accomplishments from facilitator. A civilization of cognition sharing has to be built in.Another inquiry is that, are employees ready to be self directed? Whether they have capacity and accomplishm ents? Of class proper preparation would be in topographic point but still some employees prefer director ‘s way on what to make instead than make up one's minding on their ain. Here comes the demand for choosing appropriate squad members which is once more depending on the endowment of facilitator.Is the organisation policies and civilization is supportive in reassigning power and authorization to team members?Other jobs would be marks of certitude which lead to members willing to take excess ordinary hazard, members disregarding the ethical effects, corporate rationalisation and underestimating capablenesss of other groups which may take to failure and fiscal losingss. ( Craig, 2005, p.219 )Given the fact authorization is a cardinal to win in SDWT ; will all the directors support this? Foegen ( 1999 ) stated on the loss of control: â€Å" If one person makes all the determinations in a given section, for illustration, his or her control is across-the-board. Focus is obvious and univocal. But when authorization is delegated, that focal point becomes blurred, determination devising is diffused, and duty ‘s venue is frequently less certain. † He besides stated deputation and authorization can diminish the self image of the directors. The other booby traps of authorization would be deficiency of lucidity, direction ‘s position as shared control / loss of control etc.Finally it would necessitate legion alterations in procedures and processs and necessitate a batch more clip to do SDWT ‘s successful in a nonionized section.DecisionBefore a company can make up one's mind to implement ego directed work squads, Coates and Miller ( 1995 ) point out certain state of affairss or occupation Fieldss in which this method may non work. These include:When there is a demand for way or supervising. This is frequently needed for occupations which may be unpleasant, backbreaking, fast paced or hazardous.When minimum squad interaction is required. In occupations such as these employees may happen it hard to take each other.When a deficiency of professional adulthood exists among team members.An involuntariness to do the attempt exists.The inability to run into on a regular basis as a squad. Work groups with any of these five features would happen it hard to work efficaciously and may hold to fall back to the traditional method of direction. Statisticss shows that authorization has about a 50 % success rate and it is found that major ground for this is deficiency of direction committedness to the alteration procedure. One of the companies failed by utilizing SDWT is The Airline people ‘s Express. ( Fisher, 2000, p.26 ) . Mention:Anon. ( 1995 )Taking the Mystery Out of Self -Directed Work Teams,Entrepreneur Connect[ Online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/17227174.html ( Accessed: 21 August 2009 ) . Anon ( n.d. )Teams, the good, the bad and the ugly[ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //faculty.css.edu/dswenson/web/T & A ; DlearnCo/gains-lossesofteams.html ( Accessed: 22 August 2009 ) Boyett, J. & A ; Boyett, J. ( 1998 )The guru usher: The best of the top direction minds. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Brillhart, J. ( 1983 )Effective group treatment.fifth erectile dysfunction. Dubuque, Iowa: William Brown Co. Bruce K.Bernard ( n.d )Fixing for Autonomous Work Teams[ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //209.85.229.132/search? q=cache: rEhTVduzfRMJ: www.ux1.eiu.edu/~bkbarnard/preparing2.ppt+self+directed+work+teams+ppt & A ; cd=7 & A ; hl=en & A ; ct=clnk & A ; gl=ae ( Accessed: 21 August 2009 ) . Cloke, K and Goldsmith, J ( 2002 )The End of Management and the Rise of Organizational Democracy. Questia Online Library [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.questia.com/read/111621737? title=The % 20End % 20of % 20Management % 20and % 20the % 20Rise % 20of % 20Organizational % 20Democracy ( Accessed: 21 August 2009 ) . Coates, D. & A ; Miller, M. ( 1995 ) ‘Self Directed Teams: Lessons Learned for Local Government ‘ ,Public Management, 77 ( 12 ) , p. 16, Questia Online Library [ Online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.questia.com/read/5001654373? title=Self-Directed % 20Teams % 3a % 20Lessons % 20Learned % 20for % 20Local % 20Government ( Accessed: 21August 2009 ) . Craig E. Johnson. ( 2005 )Meeting the ethical challenges of leading.2nd erectile dysfunction. USA: Sage Publications Inc.Ed Rose & A ; Steve Buckley. ( 1999 )Self Directed work Teams, A Trainer ‘s Role in the Passage.United statess: Intersil Coporation. Foegen, J.H. ( 1999 ) ‘Why non empowerment ‘ ,Business and Economic Review,Apr-Jun 1999 [ Online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5313/is_199904/ai_n21437565/ ( Accessed: 22 August 2009 ) Forsyth, D. ( 1999 )Group kineticss.3rd erectile dysfunction. New York: Brooks/Cole-Wadsworth. Jeffrey Christopher Bauer ( 2002 )A Longitudinal Evaluation of The Impact of Organizational Structure on Role Ambiguity and Work Group Performance[ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ucclermont.edu/~BAUERJ/JCBauerDissertationFinal.htm ( Accessed: 21 August 2009 ) . Kimball Fisher. ( 2000 ) .Leading Self Directed Work Teams, A Guide to Developing New Team Leadership Skils.United statess: McGraw-Hill. Peter B.Grazier ( 1999 )Populating with a ego directed work squad & A ; why autonomy plant: A reappraisal of Herzberg ‘s Concepts[ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teambuildinginc.com/article_selfdirected.htm ( Accessed: 21 August 2009 ) . Robert P. Vecchio ( 2006 )Organizational Behavior, 6th erectile dysfunction. Mason, OH, USA: Thomson Corporation South-Western. Robert T.Howell ( 2001 )Fostering Autonomous Team Members[ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teambuildinginc.com/article_selfdirected.htm ( Accessed: 21August 2009 ) . Williams, R. ( n.d. )Autonomous Work Teams: A Competitive Advantage[ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.qualitydigest.com/nov95/html/self-dir.html ( Accessed: 20 August 2009 ) .

Patient Safety and Quality Essay

The nurse involved with the caring for this family needs to be open to facts of the situation at hand by realizing that it is going to be a period of stress on Susie. At the same time, the goal is to make sure that Susie prioritizes her daily activities which will involve all three of caring for her children, taking in the additional demands of assisting her mother and promoting her health, and of course making sure her career is also focused on. As it is, Susie is overwhelmed and the nurse will need to help the family overcome any additional stress points as well as the specific illness related to her mother and so the nurse will prioritize as well. Since Susie seems to manage the household, the nurse will need to make her the key point of contact with the steps involved with making sure the family stays healthy during this period of additional anxiety. As it has happened now with her mother coming in to the family, she will need to adapt to a new lifestyle that has new demands of caretaking as described in the family structural theory. Family structural theory is a theory where a family is an open and social cultural system, which reacts and adapts to the demands placed (Grand Canyon University). This theory would be best applied by the nurse recognizing the rules and roles the family currently has and how they will need to change to encourage health promotion. Developmental stages give opportunities to family members to realize their potential (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). With the children also being a priority to take care, Stage four of the Family Developmental Theory will be applied. Perhaps the nurse will need to better understand through Susie what the latter’s keys to success have been from Stage 1-3 to better help take care of the kids through this. Through these types of conversations, the nurse can help promote health throughout their family by better understanding how the cope with particular situations and helping apply new methods of care. Health promotion can best be accomplished when the nurse focuses on Susie first and then the rest of the family so that Susie can also take care of the family. Health education includes all family members, with learning activities according to each individual. General teaching goal will be same but the approaches and specific goals will be different for each family member. A nurse will have to provide different teaching to each family member. To promote health for Mrs. Jones, nurse can make a plan explaining how Mrs. Jones need to function at her highest level of capacity physically, psychologically, culturally, and spiritually. To promote Susie’s health, nurse will have to educate her on social roles, financial and occupational responsibilities, and reassessing life goals. School aged children health can be promoted by educating on staying away from harmful and unsafe environments such as drug and alcohol abuse. Also, allowing school aged children participate in family conversations and allowing them to speak increases their self-esteem which can be beneficial to Susie to decrease stress. References Edelman, C., & Mandle, C. L. (2010). Health promotion throughout the life span (7th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. â€Å"The Form and Function of The Family.† (2011). Grand Canyon Universtiy, Phoenix, AZ.

The Value Of Life Score 6 - 881 Words

The Value of Life: Score 6 The value of life. What is it exactly? There isn’t an actual true definition in regards to the value of life because there are many different perspectives within this world, each one viewed as correct to the individual. According to the Human Life Calculator, our value is based on the amount of money we will make in our lives and nothing more. It depends on the money we make, how many children we have, and how much we spend on ourselves each month. Some people find it fair to actually compare the value of life to the dollar amount they are worth. They might even look into it so much that people choose their partner according to their monetary values and not the emotional attachment. Therefore the majority are†¦show more content†¦Lance Armstrong has a difference in regards to his views on the value of life. He looks at life in a positive perspective due to his hardships rather than how he valued it before. Unlike many people, he was given a second chance to live. As a result he values everything he has the chance to experience because he never knows when it will be his time of death. He was fortunate the first time but no one can be assured if he will be the next time, if there is a next ti me. Through a difficult ordeal he learned not to take life for granted but to take advantage of it as though it were his last. Not everyone is as lucky as Lance Armstrong. He now realizes how valuable his life and everyone in it is but that s because he was given a second chance. There are so many people out there who wish they would have realized how valuable everything was before it was too late. We may not realize it until it happens but when we or a loved one passes or goes through an illness it truly impacts how we value life. It makes us face the reality that not everyday is guaranteed and people will not stay with us forever no matter how much we wish they would. In today’s society, we should value life not by how much money we have or how much we are worth but by how much we enjoy life and everyone in it. It shouldn t take the death of a loved one for us to realize everyday is valuable. We shouldShow MoreRelatedStatistical Differences in Anxiety Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pagesareas of life, and there is a great deal of information involved. It is imperative for an individual to understand and accurately interpret the statistical data they are viewing. This paper will discuss interpretation of various statistical terms. It will also discuss and address possible issues of a selected peer-reviewed article. The Mean score Among the top five academic anxieties (Test Anxiety ~ Math Anxiety), on the average (mean) of Score, Math Anxiety had the lowest Mean score (Funk,Read MoreUsing Fuzzy Decision Tree And Data Mining1390 Words   |  6 Pagesstage A database is set up giving the fuzzy score on a scale of 1-10, to each attribute. 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